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IAS: Possibility and Limitations of "Fair Trade" Scheme and "Contract Farming" Scheme

• Course Outline and Objectives: There are various tools and mechanisms through which the human rights accountability of transnational corporations (TNCs) might be improved: (i) the responsibility of States in controlling TNCs; (ii) self-regulation by TNCs such as the use of codes of conduct and/or third-party regulation by independent certifiers such as socially and environmentally sustainable standard and labelling schemes; (iii) the use of incentive measures such as public procurement policies and conditionalities in multilateral lending policies; and (iv) direct imposition on TNCs of obligations under international law. What should not be ignored in this context is the role of civil society movements to put massive pressures from the bottom to the above and challenge the hegemonic regime controlled by TNCs. However, the power of business as a political actor is overwhelming the nation-states' as well as inter-governmental organisations' capacity to mediate between the market and society and to regulate TNC behaviour. The question to be tackled here is how and in what way these multi-layered and multi-actor governance tools and mechanisms are being developed and implemented to regulate TNCs and make them responsible for economic, social and cultural rights, including the right to food.
  Following up with what we learnt and discussed during the previous semesters, which focused on the general framework of global governance of food from a human-rights perspective, and existing and probable economic, legal and political tools (including CSR initiatives, social and environmental standards and certification schemes, and NGO-business interactions) to hold TNCs accountable for their negative impacts on society and the environment, we are going to dig deep into the possibility and limitations of "fair trade" scheme and "contract farming" scheme.
  This course is designed for any and all students with an interest in the globally pressing issues of agriculture and food governance, as well as transnational corporations in developing countries, from a wide range of social scientific perspectives: including international political economy, international relations, international law, agricultural economics, rural sociology, development studies, civil society studies, and so on. The primary language of instruction and discussions will be English.
  
• Readings:
  • Hudson M., Hudson I. and Fridell M. (2013) Fair Trade, Sustainability, and Social Change. Palgrave Macmillan.
    
  • Macdonald K. (2014) The Politics of Global Supply Chains. Polity.
    
  • FAO's documents on contract farming (http://www.fao.org/ag/ags/contract-farming/ags-library/en/)
    
  • Little P.D. and Watts M.J. eds. (1994) Living under Contract. University of Wisconsin Press.
    

IPEA: International Political Economy Approach to Food Security Governance

• Course Outline and Objectives: This course is a seminar about international political economy of agriculture, with a series of topics on global food governance focused on existing and probable economic, legal and political tools to hold TNCs accountable for their negative impacts on society, human rights and the environment. For this semester, we are going to read together a book of "food security governance" to learn how relevant concepts of food security, food sovereignty, and the right to food are developed and in what way they are applied in the global as well as local-level political struggles over food governance, and to construct solutions to world food crises and agrarian and development problems.
  This course is designed for any and all students with an interest in the globally pressing issues of agriculture and food governance, as well as transnational corporations in developing countries, from a wide range of social scientific perspectives: including international political economy, international relations, international law, agricultural economics, rural sociology, development studies, civil society studies, and so on. The primary language of instruction and discussions will be English. Although the name of this course suggests that it is the continuation of the Spring semester's course "International Political Economy of Agriculture 1", actually it is other way around since many of expected participants are students of the International Graduate Programme for East Asia Sustainable Economic Development Studies, which academic year starts in October.
  

• Readings:
  • McKeon N. (2015) Food Security Governance: Empowering Communities, Regulating Corporations. Routledge.
    • Introduction
      
    • 1. Food governance: a rapid historical review
      
    • 2. Food provision in a globalized world
      
    • 3. What’s in a paradigm? Food security, food sovereignty and evidence-based decision-making
      
    • 4. Reactions to the food price crisis and the challenge of rethinking global food governance
      
    • 5. Local-global: building food governance from the bottom up
      
    • 6. Building a better food system from the top reaching downward
      
    • 7. Where to now?
      

IAS: Global Governance of Agriculture and the Interaction between CSO/NGOs and Agribusinesses

• Course Outline and Objectives: Following up with what we learnt and discussed during the previous semesters, which focused on the general framework of global governance of food from a human-rights perspective, and existing and probable economic, legal and political tools (including CSR initiatives and social and environmental standards and certification schemes) to hold TNCs accountable for their negative impacts on society and the environment, we are going to delve into the role of non-governmental organisations and civil society movements in light of an on-going trend of privatisation of global governance. This course is designed for any and all students with an interest in the globally pressing issues of agriculture and food governance, as well as transnational corporations in developing countries, from a wide range of social scientific perspectives: including international political economy, international relations, international law, agricultural economics, rural sociology, development studies, civil society studies, and so on. The primary language of instruction and discussions will be English.
  
• Course Schedule and Content: In this course, students will review the following literature on the role of NGOs and civil society movements in light of an on-going trend of privatisation of global governance, so that students can debate and understand how the idea of making transnational corporations accountable and responsible for the right to food (and other economic, social and cultural human rights) has developed and in what way it can be implemented and enforced on the ground.
  
  • David Lewis & Nazneen Kanji, Non-Governmental Organizations and Development, Routledge, 2009
    
  • Michael Yaziji & Jonathan Doh, NGOs and Corporations: Conflict and Collaboration, Cambridge UP, 2009
    
  • Nora McKeon, The United Nations and Civil Society: Legitimating Global Governance – Whose Voice? Zed Books, 2009
    

IPEA: Multidisciplinary and Multidimensional Approach to Agri-food Governance Studies

• Course Outline and Objectives: The last twenty years have seen a burgeoning of social scientific and historical research on food. Given a broad range of topics and aspects of food-related issues, the main objective of the course in this semester is to develop and attain a critical overview of the issues from multi-disciplinary and multi-dimensional perspectives, or through the lens of social, economic, political, geographical, psychological, cultural, nutritional and ecological studies. For this purpose, we are going to read a review handbook of international food research together and have in-depth interactive discussion. This course is a seminar about international political economy of agriculture, with a series of topics on global food governance focused on existing and probable economic, legal and political tools to hold TNCs accountable for their negative impacts on society, human rights and the environment. It is designed for any and all students with an interest in the globally pressing issues of agriculture and food governance, as well as transnational corporations in developing countries, from a wide range of social scientific perspectives: including international political economy, international relations, international law, agricultural economics, rural sociology, development studies, civil society studies, and so on. The primary language of instruction and discussions will be English.
  

• Course Schedule and Content: The contents of the textbook (Anne Murcott, Warren Belasco, Peter Jackson (eds) The Handbook of Food Research, Bloomsbury Academic, 2013) are as follows:
  
  • Part One: Historical Essentials
    
  • Part Two: Frameworks of Provision: Production and Distribution
    
  • Part Three: Buying and Eating
    
  • Part Four: Contemporary Issues, Problems and Policy
    

IAS: Global Governance of Agriculture and CSR Initiatives of Agribusinesses

• Course Outline and Objectives: According to the current U.N. Special Rapporteur on the Right to Food, Olivier De Schutter, there are various tools and mechanisms through which the human rights accountability of transnational corporations (TNCs) might be improved: (i) the responsibility of States in controlling TNCs; (ii) self-regulation by TNCs such as the use of codes of conduct and/or third-party regulation by independent certifiers such as socially and environmentally sustainable standard and labelling schemes; (iii) the use of incentive measures such as public procurement policies and conditionalities in multilateral lending policies; and (iv) direct imposition on TNCs of obligations under international law. What should not be ignored in this context is the role of civil society movements to put massive pressures from the bottom to the above and challenge the hegemonic regime controlled by TNCs. However, the power of business as a political actor is overwhelming the nation-states’ as well as inter-governmental organisations’ capacity to mediate between the market and society and to regulate TNC behaviour. The question to be tackled here is how and in what way these multi-layered and multi-actor governance tools and mechanisms are being developed and implemented to regulate TNCs and make them responsible for economic, social and cultural rights, including the right to food. Following up with what we learnt and discussed during the previous semester, which focused on the general framework of global governance of food from a human-rights perspective, we are going to delve into existing and probable economic, legal and political tools (including CSR initiatives) to hold TNCs accountable for their massive negative impacts on wherever they are operating. This course is designed for any and all students with an interest in the globally pressing issues of agriculture and food governance, as well as transnational corporations in developing countries, from a wide range of social scientific perspectives: including international political economy, international relations, international law, agricultural economics, rural sociology, development studies, civil society studies, and so on. The primary language of instruction and discussions will be English.
  
• Course Schedule and Content: In this course, students will review the following literature on the global food governance and the human rights accountability of transnational corporations, so that students can debate and understand how the idea of making transnational corporations accountable and responsible for the right to food (and other economic, social and cultural human rights) has developed and in what way it can be implemented and enforced on the ground.
  
  • Surya Deva, Regulating Corporate Human Rights Violations: Humanizing Business, Routledge, 2012
  • Olufemi Amao, Corporate Social Responsibility, Human Rights and the Law: Multinational Corporations in Developing Countries, Routledge, 2011
  • Aurora Voiculescu and Helen Yanacopulos eds., The Business of Human Rights: An Evolving Agenda for Corporate Responsibility, Zed Books, 2011
    

IPEA: Global Governance of Agriculture and Possibilities/Limitations of Private Standards

• Course Outline and Objectives: As a governance tool to address social and environmental externalities associated with the globalisation of commodity-value chains, we have observed the proliferation of market regulatory initiatives, such as labour, social and environmental standards (including certification and labelling schemes) for the management of natural resources during the past decade or so. These initiatives are usually described as “private standards” since they are designed, introduced and implemented largely by corporate actors on a voluntary basis (i.e. legally non-binding). One of the justifications is a shared understanding that existing multilateral and governmentally driven initiatives are incapable of addressing the global challenges. However, it is arguable whether private standards are effective and legitimate enough to address the unsustainable conditions of natural resources, food, labour and local communities. This course is designed for any and all students with an interest in the globally pressing issues of agriculture and food governance, as well as transnational corporations in developing countries, from a wide range of social scientific perspectives: including international political economy, international relations, international law, agricultural economics, rural sociology, development studies, civil society studies, and so on. The primary language of instruction and discussions will be English.
  

• Course Schedule and Content: In this course, students will review the following literature on the effectiveness and legitimacy of private standards (voluntary certification and labelling schemes) as a global commodity governance and corporate regulatory tool, so that students can debate and understand in what way the idea of making transnational corporations accountable and responsible for the economic, social and cultural human rights (including the right to food) can be implemented and enforced on the ground.
  
  • International Journal of Sociology of Agriculture and Food (2013)
    • Vol.20, Issue 1: Private Agri-food Standards 1: Contestation, Hybridity and the Politics of Standards
    • Vol.20, Issue 2: Private Agri-food Standards 2: Supply Chains and the Governance of Standards
  • Axel Marx, Miet Maertens, Johan Swinnen and Jan Wouters eds., Private Standards and Global Governance: Economic, Legal and Political Perspectives, Edward Elgar, 2012
  • Lawrence Busch, Standards: Recipes for Reality, MIT Press, 2011

後期テーマ: Global Governance of Agriculture and the RIght to Food for All

• Course Outline and Objectives: According to the current U.N. Special Rapporteur on the Right to Food, Olivier De Schutter, there are various tools and mechanisms through which the human rights accountability of transnational corporations (TNCs) might be improved: (i) the responsibility of States in controlling TNCs; (ii) self-regulation by TNCs such as the use of codes of conduct and/or third-party regulation by independent certifiers such as socially and environmentally sustainable standard and labelling schemes; (iii) the use of incentive measures such as public procurement policies and conditionalities in multilateral lending policies; and (iv) direct imposition on TNCs of obligations under international law. What should not be ignored in this context is the role of NGO/CSOs and grass root movements (e.g. peasant movement, indigenous movement, landless movement) to put massive pressures from the bottom to the above and challenge the hegemonic regime controlled by TNCs. However, the power of business as a political actor is overwhelming the nation-states’ as well as inter-governmental organisations’ capacity to mediate between the market and society and to regulate TNC behaviour. The question to be tackled here is how and in what way these multi-layered and multi-actor governance tools and mechanisms are being developed and implemented to regulate TNCs and make them responsible for economic, social and cultural rights, including the right to food. This course is designed for any and all students with an interest in the globally pressing issues of agriculture and food governance, as well as transnational corporations in developing countries, from a wide range of social scientific perspectives: including international political economy, international relations, international law, agricultural economics, rural sociology, development studies, civil society studies, and so on. The primary language of instruction and discussions will be English.
  
• Course Schedule and Content: In this course, students will review the following literature on the global food governance and the human rights accountability of transnational corporations, so that students can debate and understand how the idea of making transnational corporations accountable and responsible for the right to food (and other economic, social and cultural human rights) has developed and in what way it can be implemented and enforced on the ground.
  
  • Jean Ziegler et al. (2011) The Fight for the Right to Food: Lessons Learned, Palgrave Macmillan
  • Olivier De Schutter and Kaitlin Y Cordes eds. (2011) Accounting for Hunger: The Right to Food in the Era of Globalisation, Hart Publishing

• Guest Lecture Series:
  • 11/12: Prof. dr. Katarzyna Cwiertka (Modern Japan Studies, Faculty of Humanities/Institute of Area Studies, Leiden University, The Netherlands)
  • 12/17: Dr. Keiko Tanaka (Rural Sociology, Department of Community and Leadership Development, University of Kentucky, USA)
  • 01/28: Ms. Khanam Virjee (Associate Editor, Environment and Sustainability | Development studies, Routledge/Earthscan, UK)

前期テーマ: 農業･食料のグローバル･ガバナンスと食料主権

• 授業計画：近年、WTO自由貿易レジームが行き詰まるも、TPP（環太平洋戦略的経済連携）協定をはじめとするFTA・EPAを通じた自由貿易路線への執着が露わとなっている。しかし、2007/08年に世界を震撼させた「世界食料危機」に引き続いて、早くも2010/11年には食料価格高騰が再来している。このような状況下、国際社会はあくまでも「飢餓と飽食」を誘発してきた自由貿易レジームの再編・強化の道を進むのか、それとも国連「食料への権利」論に象徴される国際人権レジームの構築を見据えた農業・食料の民主的ガバナンスへの転換を目指していくのかが問われている。本講義では、後者の道を展望するグローバル市民社会運動上の概念である「食料主権」論の可能性と課題について、政治経済学、国際法、農業経済学、農業社会学、市民社会論等の諸領域における研究成果を踏まえながら検討する。
• 村田武編『食料主権のグランドデザイン』農文協、2011年
  • 1. 溶解するWTO体制と台頭するオルタナティブ
  • 2. WTO体制下の世界農業と農産物貿易
  • 3. 世界の穀物需給動向と遺伝子組換え作物の新展開
  • 4. カナダのマーケティング・ボードと供給管理政策
  • 5. 食料危機と「ビア・カンペシーナ」
  • 6. 国連「食料への権利」論と国際人権レジームの可能性
  • 7. 日本農業と消費協同組合運動
  • 8. 食料主権のグランドデザインと期待される農政
• 山田高敬／大矢根聡『グローバル社会の国際関係論 [新版]』有斐閣、2011年
  • 0. 世界を分析する四つの見方
  • 1. リアリズム
  • 2. リベラリズム
  • 3. 安全保障
  • 4. 国際経済関係
  • 5. 地球環境
  • 6. 人権
  • 7. 世界のゆくえと理論的な見方
• 『農業と経済』2011年5月臨増「急浮上するTPPで日本農業はどうなる？」--- 政策論基礎で
  • 1. TPPの背景と予想される影響
  • 2. TPPの各分野への影響
  • 3. 自由貿易協定をめぐる教訓と展望
  • 4. 日本農業・農村の行く末を考える

2007年度後期

• テーマ: 農学のあり方を考える
• テキスト: 祖田修『農学原論』岩波書店2000年（Osamu Soda, Philosophy of Agricultural Science: A Japanese Perspective, Trans Pacific Press, 2006）
  

2007年度前期

• テーマ: 開発をめぐる社会、国家、市場の関係
• テキスト: J.Martinussen, Society, State & Market: A Guide to Competing Theories of Development, Zed Books, 19975
  
• 授業計画: 前年度後期に取り上げた上記文献に継続して取り組む。経済学、政治学、社会学、人類学などの諸領域にまたがる開発学（DevelopmentStudies）の基礎理論を学ぶことが直接的な課題であるが、その含意は、①農業・食料・農村問題、とくに発展途上国のそれを実証的に考察していくための接近方法を学び取るとともに、②主流派・非主流派・マルクス派にかかわらず当該研究領域で「至上主義」的傾向に陥りがちだった経済学を相対化することにある。
  

2006年度後期

• テーマ: 開発をめぐる社会、国家、市場の関係
• テキスト: J.Martinussen, Society, State & Market: A Guide to Competing Theories of Development, Zed Books, 1997
  
• 授業計画: 経済学、政治学、社会学、人類学などの諸領域にまたがる開発学（Development Studies）の基礎理論を学ぶことが直接的な課題であるが、その含意は、①農業・食料・農村問題、とくに発展途上国のそれを実証的に考察していくための接近方法を学び取るとともに、②主流派・非主流派・マルクス派にかかわらず当該研究領域で「至上主義」的傾向に陥りがちだった経済学を相対化することにある。
  

2006年度前期

• テーマ: グローバル化の社会学--国民国家の「変容」を考える
• テキスト: Ulrich Beck, What is Globalization?, Polity Press, 2000 (Originalin German, 1997)
  
• 授業計画: 昨年度後期（サスキア・サッセン）に引き続き、グローバル化論を題材にする。具体的には、「リスク社会」論や「再帰的近代化」論など、現代社会への鋭い分析視角を提示してきたベックの、グローバル化論争への問題提起を受けとめながら、経済のグローバル化が国民国家の存在を前提にしてきた政治や市民社会、文化に及ぼしている変容圧力と、同時にそこに生まれている「世界社会」（トランスナショナルな国家とグローバルな市民社会）の可能性について考えてみたい。さらに、グローバル化による国民国家の「変容」が、国民国家を前提に組み立てられてきた既存の農業・食料政策にどのような影響を及ぼしているのか、農業社会学・政治経済学分野の最新の研究成果に学びながら、現状把握とその理論的総括の手がかりを探りたい。
  

2005年度後期

• テーマ: グローバル化の政治経済学
• テキスト: サスキア・サッセン（田淵太一他訳）『グローバル空間の政治経済学--都市・移民・情報化』岩波書店、2004年（Saskia Sassen, Globalization and its Discontents, The New Press, 1998）
  
• 授業計画: 本講義では、グローバル化がもたらす多様なインパクトを、サスキア・サッセンの議論を手がかりに検討する。講義はテキストの輪読形式で進める。一方的な「授業」ではなく、受講者の、研究者としての自立的姿勢、自覚的参加を求める。 本講義を受講する者は、前期の国際農業分析1を必ず履修すること。また、農業経済分野を専門としたい者は、博士後期課程のワークショップにも参加すること。
  

2005年度前期

• テーマ: グローバル化の政治経済学
• テキスト: F.マグドフ、J.B.フォスター、F.H.バトル編著（中野一新監訳）『利潤への渇望：アグリビジネスは農民・食料・環境を脅かす』大月書店、2004年（F.Magdoff,J.B.Foster, and F.H.Buttel, eds., Hungry for Profit: The Agribusiness Threat to Farmers, Food, and the Environment, Monthly Review Press, 2000）
  
• 授業計画: 本講義では、グローバル化がもたらす多様なインパクトを、アグリビジネスの政治経済学的分析に焦点をあてながら検討する。講義はテキストの輪読形式で進める。一方的な「授業」ではなく、受講者の、研究者としての自立的姿勢、自覚的参加を求める。本講義を受講する者は、後期の国際農業分析2も必ず受講すること。また、農業経済分野を専門としたい者は、博士後期課程のワークショップにも参加すること。
  

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